SociologyAQA (7192) / Edexcel (9SO0)Crime & Deviance

Deviance & Social Control — A-Level Sociology

AQA / Edexcel A-Level Sociology

Crime and deviance is one of the most popular option topics in A-Level Sociology. This interactive tool covers the key theoretical perspectives: functionalism (Durkheim — crime is functional, anomie), strain theory (Merton — the American Dream), subcultural theories (Cohen, Cloward & Ohlin), Marxism (selective law enforcement, ideological state apparatus), labelling theory (Becker — the social construction of deviance, master status, self-fulfilling prophecy), left realism (Lea & Young — relative deprivation, marginalisation), right realism (Wilson & Hernstein — rational choice, broken windows), and social control (formal and informal, surveillance, Foucault's panopticon). Practise applying theories to contemporary crime data.

Uses Google Fonts (Libre Baskerville, Rubik). Requires an internet connection for full styling.

Frequently asked questions

What is labelling theory in sociology?+

Labelling theory (Becker, 1963) argues that deviance is not an inherent quality of an act but is socially constructed — an act only becomes deviant when others label it as such. Being labelled a "criminal" can become a master status, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy where the individual adopts a deviant career.

How does Merton explain crime using strain theory?+

Merton's strain theory argues that crime results from a strain between culturally approved goals (e.g. financial success) and the legitimate means available to achieve them. Those who cannot achieve success through legitimate channels may adapt through innovation (crime), ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion.

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